1. What are the different kinds of IC (Integrated Circuit) and their functions?
Answers:
Digital Integrated Circuits
The integrated circuits that operate only at a few defined levels instead of operating overall levels of signal amplitude are called Digital ICs and these are designed by using multiple numbers of digital logic gates, multiplexers, flip flops, and other electronic components of circuits. These logic gates work with binary input data or digital input data, such as 0 (low or false or logic 0) and 1 (high or true or logic 1).
Analog Integrated Circuits
The integrated circuits that operate over a continuous range of signals are called Analog ICs. These are subdivided into linear Integrated Circuits (Linear ICs) and Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RF ICs). In fact, the relationship between the voltage and current may be nonlinear in some cases over a long range of the continuous analog signal. The frequently used analog IC is an operational amplifier or simply called an op-amp, similar to the differential amplifier, but possesses a very high voltage gain. It consists of a very less number of transistors compared to the digital ICs, and, for developing analog application-specific integrated circuits (analog ASICs), computerized simulation tools are used.
Linear Integrated Circuits
In an analog integrated circuit, if a linear relation among its voltage as well as current exists then it is known as linear IC. The best example of this linear IC is.741 IC, is an 8-pin DIP (Dual In-line Package) op-amp,
Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits
In analog IC, if a non-linear relation among its voltage & current exists then it is called radiofrequency ICs. This kind of IC is also known as a radio frequency integrated circuit.
Mixed Integrated Circuits
The integrated circuits that are obtained by the combination of analog and digital ICs on a single chip are called Mixed ICs. These ICs functions as Digital to Analog converters, Analog to Digital converters (D/A and A/D converters), and clock/timing ICs. The circuit depicted in the above figure is an example of the mixed integrated circuit which is a photograph of the 8 to 18 GHz self-healing radar receiver.
Logic Circuits
These ICs are designed using logic gates-that work with binary input and output (0 or 1). These are mostly used as decision-makers. Based on the logic or truth table of the logic gates, all the logic gates connected in the IC give an output based on the circuit connected inside the IC- such that this output is used for performing a specific intended task.
Comparators
The comparator ICs are used as comparators for comparing the inputs and then to produce an output based on the ICs’ comparison.
Switching ICs
Switches or Switching ICs are designed by using the transistors and are used for performing the switching operations. The above figure is an example showing an SPDT IC switch.
Audio Amplifiers
The audio amplifiers are one of the many types of ICs, which are used for the amplification of the audio. These are generally used in audio speakers, television circuits, and so on. The above circuit shows the low- voltage audio amplifier IC.
CMOS Integrated Circuit
CMOS integrated circuits are extremely used in different applications as compared with FETs because of their capabilities like lower threshold voltage, low-power consumption. A CMOS IC includes P-MOS & N-MOS devices which are fabricated jointly on a similar chip. The structure of this IC is a Polysilicon gate that aids to decrease the device’s threshold voltage, therefore allowing process at low-voltage levels.
Voltage Regulator ICs
This kind of integrated circuit provides a stable DC output despite the changes within DC input. The commonly used type regulators are LM309, uA723, LM105 & 78XX ICs.
Operational Amplifiers
The operational amplifiers are frequently used ICs, similar to the audio amplifiers which are used for the audio amplification. These op-amps are used for amplification purposes, and these ICs work similarly to the transistor amplifier circuits.
Timer ICs
Timers are special-purpose integrated circuits used for the purpose of counting and to keep a track of time in intended applications.
2. What is Bread Board and function of it?
Answers: A breadboard is used to build and test circuits quickly before finalizing any circuit design. The breadboard has many holes into which circuit components like ICs and resistors can be inserted.